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These and other surface molecules and domains may therefore represent appealing entry routes expressed by the endothelial compartment for devising smart strategies of NP-mediated BBB penetration in future works

For example, DAMPs such as extracellular histones can trigger inflammation and senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-forkhead box O4 (FOXO4) pathway, thus exacerbating histone-induced damage in mice

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We do not fully understand how isolating that fragment changes its long-term interaction with the immune system

However, sulforaphane co-administration blunts ROS elevation through increased expression of the antioxidant scavenger, glutathione, thereby preventing neuronal cell death (Sandouka and Shekh-Ahmad, 2021)