Much of the current evidence is preclinical (cell and animal studies), and human data is still limited
Conditions like pernicious anaemia (an autoimmune condition affecting a protein called intrinsic factor vital for B12 absorption), stomach issues (such as from reduced stomach acid or certain medications like proton pump inhibitors), intestinal disorders (like Crohns disease or coeliac disease), or even surgical removal of parts of the small intestine (e.g., gastric bypass surgery) can prevent proper absorption
Adults over 50 As you age, your stomach produces less acid, which makes absorbing B12 from food much harder
Subsequently, supplementary B12 may be necessary
References PubChem
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