In addition to acting through the p38 pathway, GLP-1RAs also promote the increase of PKA levels via the cAMP-dependent pathway, which in turn prevents the phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), resulting in the inactivation of the EGFR-STAT3 signaling pathway in tumor cells and subsequently downregulating several downstream effector genes such as myelocytomatosis oncogene (c-Myc), survivin, cyclin D1, Bcl-xl, and Bcl-2, thereby inducing apoptosis in tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner [70, 73]
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1095432 Tamayo-Trujillo R, Ruiz-Pozo VA, Cadena-Ullauri S, et al
Castle WB (1962)
Dietary Carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management
Side effects usually diminish as the body adjusts to the medication
However, since glucose is the most important energy fuel for the brain under normal physiological conditions (43), the following sections shall deal with glucose and its associated molecules glycogen and lactate as energy sources