Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency include (1): chronic fatigue shortness of breath heart palpitations tingling or numbness in the extremities poor balance loss of concentration poor memory disorientation mood changes incontinence insomnia People most at risk of developing a deficiency include older adults, as well as those who smoke, abuse alcohol, or follow a vegetarian or vegan diet
However, these reports are largely anecdotal and not substantiated by controlled clinical studies
The body can only retain so much
So, be sure to consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplements
The developer, Metabolic Pharmaceuticals, ran several phase II trials in obese adults between roughly 2003 and 2007
The 2025 IV pilot measured cardiac, hepatic, renal, thyroid, and glucose biomarkers and reported no abnormalities (Lee et al., 2025), which gives a sense of what those investigators considered worth checking