There's also a pathway whereby the light stimulates the melanocyte stimulating hormone system, and in parallel, it stimulates the release of dopamine
Injectable Dosage Injectable GHK-Cu is typically used for systemic effects or when topical delivery is insufficient: Standard range: 12 mg per injection, subcutaneous (SubQ) administration Common protocol: Daily or every-other-day injections, typically in 48 week cycles Concentration: Usually supplied as 10 mg/mL solution
20 units = 0.2mL 100mg/mL = 20mg per injection

Abbreviations 2-OPP: 6R-oxopropylpiperidine-2-carboxylic acid 3-PGDH: 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase 5-MTHF: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate AADC: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase ADHD: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ALDH4A1: Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 4 family member A1 ALDH7A1: Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1 BTBGD: Biotin-thiamine responsive basal ganglia disease BTD: Biotinase deficiency FH4: Tetrahydrofolate FR1: Folate receptor protein 1 GSA: Glutamate semialdehyde GTC: Generalized tonic-clonic GTCS: Generalized tonic-clonic seizures HPII: Type II hyperprolinemia HVA: Homovanillic acid NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate P5C: Pyrroline-5-carboxylate P5CDH: Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase P6C: Piperideine 6-carboxylate PCFT: Proton-coupled folate transporter PL: Pyridoxal PLP: Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate PLPHP: Pyridoxal phosphate homeostasis protein PM: Pyridoxamine PN: Pyridoxine PNPO: Pyridoxal (amine) 5'-phosphate oxidase PPI: Inorganic pyrophosphate SAH: S-adenosylhomocysteine SAM: S-adenosylmethionine SIA: Seizures with impaired awareness THTR2: Thiamine transporter protein 2 TNSALP: Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase -AASA: -aminoadipic semialdehyde References Devinsky O, Vezzani A, OBrien TJ, Jette N, Scheffer IE, de Curtis M, et al

The State of Peptides 2026 H1 Edition
Timing of administration relative to surgical procedures, optimal dosing in perioperative settings, and integration with standard post-operative care protocols require clinical investigation before establishing evidence-based perioperative protocols