1521, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5808366/, Weschawalit, Sinee, et al
Int J Mol Sci (2020) 21:3688

Nootropic Peptides Commonly Discussed in Research Semax A synthetic ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) analog developed in Russia: Enhances BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) expression Modulates neurotransmitter metabolism, particularly dopamine and serotonin May improve memory formation and recall in animal studies Preclinical work has explored neuroprotective effects in experimental neural injury models Research has examined cognition-related performance under stress conditions Selank Synthetic analog of tuftsin studied for CNS and stress-response effects: Modulates GABAergic and serotonergic systems Reported anxiolytic-like effects without strong sedation in preclinical studies May improve learning and memory consolidation Potential immunomodulatory effects Research on stress resilience and cognitive performance Noopept Dipeptide studied for cognition-related and neurobiology-related endpoints: Influences NGF (nerve growth factor) and BDNF levels May enhance long-term potentiation and memory formation Potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects Investigated in models of memory impairment and age-related decline Studies examining effects on acetylcholine and glutamate systems Cerebrolysin Peptide mixture derived from porcine brain proteins: Contains neurotrophic factors and active peptide fragments Has been studied and used in some non-U.S

GHK-Cu stimulates the synthesis and breakdown of the water-holding molecules called glycosaminoglycans
Cloning and characterization of a glutathione S-transferase that can be photolabelled with 5-azido-indole-3-acetic acid
Alternative approaches include supplementing with precursor nutrients such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which the body can use to synthesise glutathione naturally, though NAC is also not recommended for NAFLD in NICE guidance and should not be self-prescribed for liver disease