The reduction of hydrogen peroxide results in the formation of oxidised glutathione which then needs to be recycled back to the reduced form, as described above
Conversely, in a recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving twenty healthy volunteers, a once-weekly injection of a GLP-1R agonist, dulaglutide, for three weeks did not influence HPA axis activity, showing no significant effects on circadian rhythms of blood or salivary cortisol secretion, and the level of this hormone also was not changed after the dexamethasone suppression test in comparison with the placebo-receiving group [78]
Earlier metabolic peptides focused on GLP-1 (the fullness pathway)
As supply began to normalize, FDA resolved the tirzepatide shortage in December 2024 and the semaglutide shortage in February 2025, and provided phased enforcement grace periods for compounders to wind down operations
SUSTAIN 1 to SUSTAIN 5 studies primarily focused on diabetic control
In the study published in JAMA Internal Medicine , we compared weight loss outcomes for patients taking semaglutide and tirzepatide approved by the FDA for treating type 2 diabetes (Ozempic and Mounjaro, respectively)