Still, these effects are explored in clinical research studies
[70] found in vivo and in vitro studies that GLP-1 and its analog exendin-4 were able to induce an increase in ABCA1 mRNA, increase the expression of apo AI mRNA and promoter, thereby increasing apo AI secretion, indicating that GLP-1 in hepatocytes may mediate the outflow of intracellular cholesterol to apo AI through the ABCA1 pathway
increase, decrease, no effect
Both animal- and plant-based proteins can stimulate GLP-1 release, although some studies suggest whey protein may produce one of the strongest GLP-1 responses
doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.1146 Fu K, Si S, Jin X, et al
A summary of the main factors influencing GLP-1 secretion is shown in the image below (Huber et al, 2024)