As a modified analog of insulin-like growth factor-1, it is commonly evaluated for how it may influence cellular communication, protein synthesis signaling, and metabolic-response pathways in controlled environments
Sterile water is commonly used for single-use reconstitution where contamination risk is minimal
it was well-tolerated across the topical trials
Instead, the authors showed that hyperosmotic shock leads to breakdown of sphingomyelin, accumulation of ceramide, and later on to PS exposure and cell shrinkage
Zeinalabedini M, Shapouri M, Mirzaee P, et al
After 30 days, 63% showed improvement in forehead wrinkles and 64% showed improvement in crow feet