Common Challenges Isobaric amino acids (e.g., leucine vs isoleucine) These amino acids have identical masses, making them difficult to differentiate using standard MS techniques Post-translational modifications (PTMs) Modifications such as oxidation, deamidation, and fatty acid conjugation complicate spectral interpretation Low-abundance impurities Trace-level impurities may be masked by dominant peptide signals Co-eluting peaks Incomplete chromatographic separation can lead to overlapping signals and misidentification Signal suppression in complex matrices Matrix components can reduce ionization efficiency, affecting sensitivity and accuracy Practical Considerations to Overcome Challenges Optimize LC gradient for better separation Enhances resolution between closely related peptide species Use high-resolution mass spectrometry Improves mass accuracy and helps distinguish similar compounds Apply advanced fragmentation techniques Enhances sequence coverage and modification detection Validate results with orthogonal techniques Confirms findings using complementary analytical methods 6: Role of Fragmentation Techniques Fragmentation techniques are essential in Peptide Sequencing of GLP-1 Peptide because they generate sequence-specific fragment ions that enable accurate peptide mapping and structural characterization
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doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1422740 Received 24 April 2024 Accepted 21 May 2024 Published 14 June 2024 Volume 15 - 2024 Edited by Anca Hermenean, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Romania Reviewed by Danila Gurgone, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom Era Gorica, University of Zurich, Switzerland Updates Copyright 2024 Riemma, Mele, Donniacuo, Telesca, Bellocchio, Castaldo, Rossi, De Angelis, Cappetta, Urbanek and Berrino
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10.1111/nph.12530 37 SchlaeppiK.BodenhausenN.BuchalaA.MauchF.ReymondP
