Analysis 21 (8), 589598
The observed protective effects are mediated through multiple molecular mechanisms, including enhanced metabolic regulation, direct anti-proliferative actions, and augmented immune surveillance [16, 17]
Understanding this mechanism matters because it explains why most GI side effects are dose-dependent, temporary, and manageable through titration strategies
Presented for research literature review only Hsieh CH et al
In addition, DPP-4i can also regulate BP by activating the sympathetic nervous system, interfering with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), regulating Na/H 2 O metabolism, and attenuating insulin resistance (IR)
Rectal body temperature Conscious mice were restrained and a high-precision thermometer (BIO-TK8851, Bioseblab) was carefully inserted half-way into the rectum